<p>➀ An international research team led by Prof. Qing-Tai Zhao proposes that operating computer chips at cryogenic temperatures could reduce energy consumption by up to 80%, addressing the high energy demands of data centers and AI infrastructure; </p><p>➁ Cryogenic computing leverages the improved efficiency of transistors at low temperatures but faces challenges like material defects and quantum tunneling, requiring novel materials and architectures (e.g., gate-all-around nanowires, high-k dielectrics) to optimize CMOS technology; </p><p>➂ Applications span quantum computing, space exploration, and high-performance data centers, with TSMC actively developing chips tailored for cryogenic environments to enhance energy efficiency and integrate with quantum processors.</p>