➀ A study in Scientific Reports introduces the development of PVA films embedded with biochar-modified titanium dioxide nanocomposites for improved water treatment performance;

➁ The research aims to address dye removal and disinfection challenges in wastewater management through the use of TiO₂ and biochar;

➂ The biochar-modified nanocomposites demonstrate high adsorption capacity, rapid dye removal, and antibacterial properties, making them suitable for wastewater treatment.