<p>➀ Researchers developed an automated data analysis method for Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) to measure millisecond-level voltage changes on photoelectrode surfaces, enhancing insights into charge transport dynamics.</p><p>➀ The technique, demonstrated using titanium dioxide (TiO2), enables precise correlation between local morphology and optoelectronic properties, critical for improving photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) for sustainable hydrogen and fuel production.</p><p>➂ The innovation paves the way for designing more efficient and durable materials, advancing solar fuel technologies by leveraging high-resolution microscopy and data science approaches.</p>