<p>➀ Electrical power subsystems must independently fulfill all energy needs for small satellites due to the absence of an external power grid in space;</p><p>➁ Radiation-tolerant power solutions and advanced technologies (e.g., GaN, SiC) are critical for efficiency and durability;</p><p>➂ System design prioritizes balancing power density, weight savings, and reliability for space-constrained applications.</p>