<p>➀ Fraunhofer IAP develops ultrathin electrocaloric polymer films (4μm) for efficient heating/cooling systems that eliminate harmful refrigerants; </p><p>➁ Applications include automotive interiors, battery modules, and electronics, leveraging temperature changes via electric field modulation; </p><p>➂ Part of the ElKaWe project, aiming to replace traditional compressor-based systems with eco-friendly polymer-based heat pumps.</p>