<p>➀ NASA seeks industry proposals for a 100 kW lunar nuclear reactor by 2030, estimated at $3 billion, to provide stable power during the moon's two-week nights where solar energy is impractical;</p><p>➁ The reactor aims to support life-support systems, scientific instruments, and industrial activities, with cooling challenges addressed by large radiators (100–200m²) to dissipate heat in the moon's airless environment;</p><p>➂ China and Russia plan a joint lunar nuclear plant by 2035, while NASA and the UK Space Agency previously funded Rolls-Royce and other firms for reactor design studies.</p>