<p>➀ The year 2024 has seen rapid commercialization of high-speed optical modules based on AI infrastructure, with many details of technical and viewpoints from various manufacturers.</p><p>➁ The theory of coherent modules is basically mature, and the industry is gradually optimizing and developing towards high bandwidth, high capacity, and low power consumption, including technologies such as C+L band amplifiers, large bandwidth InP technology, thin film lithium niobate technology, and silicon photonics.</p><p>➂ Next-generation high-capacity communication options include multi-core fibers and air-core fibers, which have theoretical advantages of low latency, high capacity, long distance, and high fidelity, but also face some research challenges.</p>