➀ The patch uses hollow microneedles made of polystyrene (PS) with graphene-based biosensors for glucose detection. ➁ It incorporates an electroosmotic micropump with an anti-fouling layer to enhance insulin delivery stability. ➂ The system is controlled by a printed circuit board (PCB) for automated glucose management, aiming to reduce the physical and psychological burden on diabetic patients. ➃ The patch is designed to be compact, wearable, and cost-effective, with potential for further miniaturization and wireless data transmission.