➀ MIT researchers developed a real-time 3D monitoring technique using high-intensity X-rays to observe material failure (e.g., corrosion, cracking) in nuclear reactor environments;

➁ A silicon dioxide buffer layer and extended X-ray exposure stabilized samples, enabling precise imaging and insights into material degradation, potentially improving reactor safety and lifespan;

➂ The method also revealed X-ray-induced strain control in materials, offering dual applications for nuclear reactor materials and microelectronics manufacturing.