<p>① A European research team, including DFKI, proposed a mission concept using three autonomous robots to cooperatively explore and map lunar lava tubes, validated through field tests on Lanzarote;</p><p>② The four-phase mission involved skylight mapping, sensor deployment, rover rappelling, and autonomous cave exploration, achieving detailed 3D modeling using specialized rovers like SherpaTT and Coyote III;</p><p>③ The study demonstrates the feasibility of collaborative robotic systems for future extraterrestrial missions, showcasing their potential to operate in extreme environments like the Moon or Mars.</p>