<p>➀ University College London researchers discovered that guanidinium thiocyanate, a common salt, improves efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells by controlling crystal formation during manufacturing;</p><p>➁ The additive achieved record 22.3% efficiency for tin-lead perovskite layers, approaching silicon's performance while enabling simpler, lower-cost production methods;</p><p>➂ This breakthrough addresses critical commercialization challenges by enhancing durability and energy yield, positioning perovskite tandem cells as a viable successor to traditional silicon photovoltaics.</p>