<p>➀ The US semiconductor industry's leadership is attributed to the establishment of Semate 34 years ago.</p><p>➁ The invention of the integrated circuit technology by Robert Noyce in 1959 marked the birth of the chip industry.</p><p>➂ Sematech, led by Charlie Sporck, was formed to rebuild the international competitiveness of the US semiconductor industry.</p><p>➃ The partnership between industry, government, and academia in Sematech led to the development of high-quality chips at lower costs.</p><p>➄ Sematech's success involved government subsidies, targeted short-term technology development, and effective management.</p><p>➅ The US semiconductor industry's full recovery of international competitiveness was achieved by 1995.</p>