<p>➀ A study demonstrates that incorporating polymorphic FAPbI₃ perovskite nanofillers into PVDF films via 3D printing enhances triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) performance; </p><p>➁ Annealing triggers a phase transition from δ to α-phase FAPbI₃, increasing PVDF’s β-phase content (up to 83%) and creating mesoporous structures for higher charge density; </p><p>➂ Resulting TENGs achieve 392 V peak-to-peak voltage and 2587 μW/cm² power density, offering scalable, sustainable energy solutions for microelectronics.</p>