<p>➀ EIS enhances Li-ion battery management in EVs by analyzing electrochemical parameters, enabling optimized safety and performance through sensor fusion and AI algorithms.</p><p>➁ EIS enables early prediction of thermal runaway, a critical safety requirement under China's GB 38031-2020 standard, reducing reliance on physical sensors and improving cell utilization.</p><p>➂ EIS dynamically adjusts fast-charging profiles based on real-time cell state, proposing implementation models like centralized or localized excitation to balance cost and efficiency.</p>