<p>Several startups, including Factorial Energy, QuantumScape, and SES AI, are advancing to the sample delivery and pilot runs for semi-solid or quasi-solid-state batteries. These first-generation products are expected to enter mass production next year. Despite technical barriers, semi-solid or quasi-solid-state batteries, with a small amount of liquid electrolyte, are seen as interim options for U.S. and European automakers.</p><p>17 U.S. and European solid-state battery companies have raised over $4.2 billion in funding. Supported by programs like the US Department of Energy and the EU’s Horizon Europe initiative, some companies are already conducting vehicle integration tests with automakers.</p><p>US and European manufacturers are focusing on polymer-based or oxide-based solid electrolytes as their core technologies.</p>