<p>➀ Empa researchers developed machine learning (ML) algorithms to optimize laser-based metal processing, such as 3D printing (Powder Bed Fusion) and welding, reducing costly preliminary trials by two-thirds through real-time optical data analysis;</p><p>➁ The ML system uses FPGA chips for precise, real-time control of laser parameters during welding, addressing material defects and variability to improve consistency;</p><p>➂ This approach enhances accessibility for non-experts, potentially enabling broader industrial adoption of advanced laser manufacturing techniques.</p>