<p>➀ The European Space Agency (ESA) and Constellation Technologies & Operations (CTO) are collaborating on testing 5G mmWave connectivity in low Earth orbit using a pathfinder satellite set for launch in June 2025;</p><p>➁ The experiments aim to validate interoperability between space and terrestrial networks, enabling cost-effective hybrid connectivity solutions;</p><p>➂ The initiative aligns with ESA's strategy to strengthen European sovereignty in space technology and advance 3GPP-compliant Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN).</p>