<p>➀ A study by HTW Berlin shows households with PV systems, batteries, and EVs achieve 73% energy autonomy, reducing grid electricity use from 6,900 kWh to 1,900 kWh annually;</p><p>➁ Challenges include low charging efficiency (76% at 1.4 kW) and standby energy waste (Wallboxes consume up to 20W, costing 164 kWh/year);</p><p>➂ Dynamic surplus charging boosts solar usage by 25%, and larger PV systems (15-20 kW) cover 62% of EV energy needs, enhancing sustainability.</p>