<p>➀ The exponential growth of data traffic in cloud computing, high-definition video streaming, 5G connectivity, and AI computing requires innovative solutions to handle increasing data volumes with low latency and high reliability.</p><p>➁ VCSEL transceivers based on MMF are favored for short-distance transmission due to their low cost and power consumption. However, MMF dispersion limits data rates over 100G.</p><p>➂ Eindhoven has achieved 56 Gbps transmission over 500m MMF using 980 nm VCSELs, optimizing modal bandwidth to 14.2 GHz·km.</p><p>➃ The research also focuses on wafer-scale heterogeneous integration for high-speed interconnects, improving thermal management for laser diodes.</p><p>➄ InP membrane DMLs with PPR characteristics show potential for short-range communication systems, offering small footprint, high energy efficiency, and high modulation bandwidth.</p><p>➅ The analysis of laser performance reveals the importance of phase optimization for achieving smooth response and expanded bandwidth.</p>